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- <h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="gimp-using-images"></a>4. Working with Images</h2>
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- <h3 class="title"><a id="id3420576"></a>4.1. Image types</h3>
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- <p>
- It is tempting to think of an <span class="emphasis"><em>image</em></span> as
- something that corresponds a single display window, or to a single
- file such as a <a href="go01.html#file-jpeg-load">JPEG</a> file,
- but really a Gimp image is a rather complicated structure,
- containing a stack of layers plus several other types of objects:
- a selection mask, a set of channels, a set of paths, an "undo"
- history, etc. In this section we are going to take a detailed
- look at all of the components of an image, and the things you can
- do with them.
- </p>
- <p>
- The most basic property of an image is its
- <span class="emphasis"><em>mode</em></span>. There are three possible modes: RGB,
- grayscale, and indexed. RGB stands
- for Red-Green-Blue, and indicates that each point in the image
- is represented by a "red" level, a "green" level, and a "blue"
- level. Because every humanly distinguishable color can be
- represented as a combination of red, green, and blue, RGB images
- are full-color. Each color channel has 256 possible intensity
- levels. More details in <a href="go01.html#glossary-colormodel">
- Color Models</a>
- </p>
- <p>
- In a grayscale image, each point is represented by a brightness
- value, ranging from 0 (black) to 255 (white), with intermediate
- values representing different levels of gray.
- </p>
- <p>
- Essentially the difference between a grayscale image and an RGB
- image is the number of "color channels": a grayscale image has
- one; an RGB image has three. An RGB image can be thought of as
- three superimposed grayscale images, one colored red, one green,
- and one blue.
- </p>
- <p>
- Actually, both RGB and grayscale images have one additional
- color channel, called the <span class="emphasis"><em>alpha</em></span> channel,
- representing opacity. When the alpha value at a given location
- in a given layer is zero, the layer is completely transparent,
- and the color at that location is determined by what lies
- underneath. When alpha is maximal, the layer is opaque, and the
- color is determined by the color of the layer. Intermediate
- alpha values correspond to varying degrees of translucency: the
- color at the location is a proportionl mixture of color from the
- layer and color from underneath.
- </p>
- <p>
- In Gimp, every color channel, including the alpha channel, has a
- range of possible values from 0 to 255; in computing
- terminology, a depth of 8 bits. Some digital cameras can
- produce image files with a depth of 16 bits per color channel.
- Gimp cannot load such a file without losing resolution. In most
- cases the effects are too subtle to be detected by the human
- eye, but in some cases, mainly where there are large areas with
- slowly varying color gradients, the difference may be
- perceptible.
- </p>
- <p>
- The third type, <span class="emphasis"><em>indexed</em></span> images, is a bit
- more complicated to understand. In an
- indexed image, only a limited set of discrete colors are used,
- usually 256 or less. These colors form the "colormap" of the
- image, and each point in the image is assigned a color from the
- colormap. Indexed images have the advantage that they can be
- represented inside a computer in a way that consumes relatively
- little memory, and back in the dark ages (say, ten years ago),
- they were very commmonly used. As time goes on, they are used
- less and less, but they are still important enough to be worth
- supporting in Gimp. (Also, there are a few important kinds of
- image manipulation that are easier to implement with indexed
- images than with continuous-color RGB images.)
- </p>
- <p>
- Some very commonly used types of files (including <a href="go01.html#file-gif-load">GIF</a>) produce
- indexed images when they are opened in Gimp. Many of Gimp's
- tools don't work very well on indexed imagesΓÇôand many filters
- don't work at allΓÇôbecause of the limited number of colors
- available. Because of this, it is usually best to convert an
- image to RGB mode before working on it. If necessary, you can
- convert it back to indexed mode when you are ready of save it
- </p>
- <p>
- Gimp makes it easy to convert from one image type to another,
- using the <a href="ch05s06s02.html" title="6.2. Mode">Mode</a> command in
- the Image menu. Some types of conversions, of course (RGB to
- grayscale or indexed, for example) lose information that cannot
- be regained by converting back in the other direction.
- </p>
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- <th align="left">Note</th>
- </tr>
- <tr>
- <td colspan="2" align="left" valign="top">
- <p>
- If you are trying to use a filter on an image, and it appears
- grayed out in the menu, usually the cause is that the image (or,
- more specifically, the layer) you are working on is the wrong
- type. Many filters can't be used on indexed images. Some can
- be used only on RGB images, or only on grayscale images. Some
- also require the presence or absence of an alpha channel.
- Usually the fix is to convert the image to a different type,
- most commonly RGB.
- </p>
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